Risk disturbance and recovery analysis of urban water supply systems based on social network

Urban water supply systems face dynamic risks that include both disruptions and recovery challenges, yet these factors are often overlooked in static risk assessments. This study, adopting a resilience perspective, utilizes social network analysis to develop a comprehensive risk evaluation-disturbance-recovery framework for urban water supply systems, with a case study focused on the Beijing-Tianjin-Hebei metropolitan area. The results reveal that water source pollution, disputes, and low water pressure are critical risks demanding optimized management. Supervision deficiencies notably amplify disturbance effects, underscoring the need for enhanced prevention measures. The impacts of water source pollution and disputes are especially challenging to mitigate promptly, highlighting the importance of proactive risk management. Additionally, spatial disparities in water supply risks across the region are significant. It is essential to consider the uneven distribution of water resources, population density, economic activities, industrial pollution, and varied management of water supply facilities. Tailored strategies and regional collaboration are vital to addressing these challenges, ensuring water security, enhancing system resilience, and supporting sustainable development across the Beijing-Tianjin-Hebei metropolitan area.