Resilient and sustainable manufacturing supply chain design considering the synergy of resilience strategies under disruption uncertainties

In recent years, frequent disruptions in global supply chains (SCs) and the advancement of the dual carbon goals have imposed dual challenges of stable operation and sustainable development for manufacturing enterprises. Existing research fails to meet the multi-stage and complexity of manufacturing SCs and mostly focuses on the design of resilience strategies, overlooking environmental impacts. Therefore, this study proposes a resilient and sustainable SC design method for manufacturing enterprises. This method integrates multiple proactive and reactive resilience strategies and incorporates a carbon tax policy, incorporating carbon emission costs into the total cost of the SC to achieve coordinated optimization in economic and environmental dimensions. To address the uncertainties of SC disruption probability and disruption impact, this study develops a two-stage distributionally robust optimization (TDRO) model that comprehensively characterizes the disruption risks faced by all entities in the SC. Computational experiments based on actual cases of a Chinese home appliance manufacturing enterprise demonstrate that the developed TDRO model exhibits superior adaptability in responding to various types of disruption risks. Through numerical simulation analysis, the synergies among different resilience strategies are revealed, and stress testing under multiple disruption scenarios is conducted to identify the optimal resilience strategy portfolio. Sensitivity analysis further validates the influence mechanism of key model parameters on SC resilience and sustainability. The proposed method and model can provide a potential effective tool for manufacturing enterprise decision-makers to design resilient and sustainable SCs.