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ESG disclosure synergy mechanism between shipper and carrier under demand uncertainty

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  • Li, Na
  • Liu, Jiaguo
  • Li, Jian
  • Chen, Jihong

Abstract

Environmental, social, and corporate governance (ESG) disclosure by shippers and carriers is pivotal for global sustainable development, particularly under demand uncertainty in a volatile economy. This paper develops a game-theoretic model to analyze cooperative ESG disclosure in a maritime supply chain (MSC) comprising a shipper and a carrier, where the shipper commits to container volume bookings, aligning with reality. We examine ESG disclosure strategies and coordination mechanisms across different game structures, identifying conditions for synergistic disclosure. Findings reveal that the carrier should prioritize ESG disclosure, while the shipper's timing depends on market size and the efficiency of disclosure. Higher shipper efficiency fosters carrier cooperation, creating win-win outcomes. However, comparable efficiencies and a limited market size may lead to a prisoner's dilemma, which is exacerbated under carrier leadership. Proposed coordination mechanisms enable Pareto improvement, though carrier dominance may hinder effectiveness. Demand uncertainty and ESG value gain/loss ratio significantly influence disclosure levels, container bookings, and profitability.

Suggested Citation

  • Li, Na & Liu, Jiaguo & Li, Jian & Chen, Jihong, 2026. "ESG disclosure synergy mechanism between shipper and carrier under demand uncertainty," International Journal of Production Economics, Elsevier, vol. 296(C).
    • Handle: RePEc:eee:proeco:v:296:y:2026:i:c:s0925527325002373
    DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpe.2025.109752
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