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Platform-led or firm-led? An analysis of artificial intelligence development strategies in agricultural supply chains

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  • Liao, Changhua
  • Lu, Qihui
  • Li, Yanglei
  • Shi, Victor

Abstract

Agriculture experiences substantial yield losses due to pests and diseases, underscoring a need for advanced solutions such as artificial intelligence (AI). This study examines a contract farming supply chain with an agriculture firm and a platform, focusing on AI’s role in reducing these losses. Using game theory, we explore AI development conditions and compare two AI development modes: one where the agriculture firm develops AI (firm-led), and another where the platform undertakes AI development (platform-led). We also evaluate the effects of yield uncertainty, AI development efficiency, and firm’s planting effort efficiency on these strategies. Our findings reveal several key insights. First, in the firm-led mode, when AI enhances the firm’s planting effort efficiency, the firm always benefits, whereas only low AI development efficiency is beneficial to the platform. When AI reduces effort efficiency, only high development efficiency is advantageous to both parties. Second, in the platform-led mode, when AI improves planting effort efficiency, the outcomes are reversed compared to the firm-led mode. When AI reduces effort efficiency, only a moderate development efficiency is beneficial to the firm. Interestingly, in cases where AI significantly lowers effort efficiency, the platform consistently benefits. Third, the platform always tends to choose the platform-led mode, whereas the firm chooses this mode only when AI development efficiency is low. Additionally, the higher the average yield reduction rate, the greater the role of AI, the more likely the firm is to choose the firm-led mode. These insights contribute to a deeper understanding of AI development strategies in agricultural supply chains.

Suggested Citation

  • Liao, Changhua & Lu, Qihui & Li, Yanglei & Shi, Victor, 2026. "Platform-led or firm-led? An analysis of artificial intelligence development strategies in agricultural supply chains," International Journal of Production Economics, Elsevier, vol. 291(C).
    • Handle: RePEc:eee:proeco:v:291:y:2026:i:c:s0925527325003469
    DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpe.2025.109861
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