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Emergent spatial organization of competing species under environmental stress and cooperation

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  • Ta, Ton Viet

Abstract

Understanding how species persist and coexist under interacting environmental stressors is a central challenge in ecology and global change biology. Here, we develop a spatially explicit reaction–diffusion (RD) framework to investigate the coupled eco–environmental dynamics of competing species in heterogeneous landscapes shaped by climate variability, anthropogenic pollution, resource heterogeneity, and cooperative interactions. Environmental temperature evolves through low-frequency oscillations resembling El Niño-Southern Oscillation (ENSO) dynamics, while pollution and resources diffuse from localized sources. Species growth is governed by density-dependent competition constrained by a dynamically evolving carrying capacity that integrates abiotic stressors with an endogenous cooperation field, which itself follows RD dynamics and is degraded by pollution.

Suggested Citation

  • Ta, Ton Viet, 2026. "Emergent spatial organization of competing species under environmental stress and cooperation," Mathematics and Computers in Simulation (MATCOM), Elsevier, vol. 249(C), pages 472-489.
    • Handle: RePEc:eee:matcom:v:249:y:2026:i:c:p:472-489
    DOI: 10.1016/j.matcom.2026.05.033
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