Informal artisanal and small-scale mining in sub-saharan Africa: Policy evolution, sector formalization, and future trajectories

Informal Artisanal and small-scale mining (ASM) has emerged as a significant economic activity in sub-Saharan Africa (SSA), providing livelihoods for millions while presenting complex policy and environmental challenges. Despite its contributions to poverty alleviation and local development, ASM continues to be characterized by informality, environmental degradation and weak institutional oversight. This paper critically examines the evolution of ASM governance and formalization across SSA, drawing on an integrative approach that synthesizes findings from diverse qualitative and quantitative research projects, policy documents and academic literature spanning 1994 to 2024, with current insights extending into 2025. The study explores five interrelated themes: perceptions and regulatory trajectories; formalization challenges and opportunities; socio-economic and environmental dualities; institutional dynamics; and future pathways for sustainable ASM. The analysis highlights that formalization policies often adopt generic frameworks, failing to consider the sector's diversity and local realities. Furthermore, it finds that large-scale mining bias, fragmented institutional arrangements and limited community participation continue to undermine ASM reforms. By identifying gaps in current governance frameworks and synthesizing region-wide evidence, the study offers practical, context-sensitive recommendations for reform. These include differentiated licensing regimes, integration of indigenous knowledge systems, enhanced stakeholder accountability, and inclusive policy design. Overall, the paper contributes to sustainable resource governance by identifying policy interventions that balance ASM's economic potential with its environmental and social menaces.