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Caught in the crossfire: Livelihood, employment and forced displacement in Nigeria

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  • Babangida, Jamilu
  • Staneva, Anita
  • Kler, Parvinder

Abstract

Considering sex differences of household heads, this study examines the livelihood opportunities and labour market outcomes of displaced individuals using the 2018 World Bank data on the profile of Internally Displaced Persons (IDPs) in North-East Nigeria. Our logistic and Probability score matching (PSM) results suggest that forcibly displaced female-headed households are more likely to be self-employed in non-farm activities. The estimates reveal a decrease in male-headed households’ farm employment due to forced displacement. Additionally, the results show no noticeable impact on labour force participation among IDPs. We highlight the critical role of informal employment as a buffer against displacement.

Suggested Citation

  • Babangida, Jamilu & Staneva, Anita & Kler, Parvinder, 2026. "Caught in the crossfire: Livelihood, employment and forced displacement in Nigeria," Journal of Policy Modeling, Elsevier, vol. 48(3).
    • Handle: RePEc:eee:jpolmo:v:48:y:2026:i:3:s0161893826000347
    DOI: 10.1016/j.jpolmod.2026.107040
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