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Vector-based Retail Gravitation and store survival: Evidence from São Paulo pharmacies

Author

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  • Xavier Uchida, Felipe Augusto
  • Almeida de Magalhães Cipparrone, Flávio

Abstract

Retail location models have traditionally relied on scalar formulations, such as Huff's (Huff, 1963) and Reilly's (Reilly, 1931) gravity models, which capture store attractiveness and distance but ignore directionality in competitive forces. This study introduces a novel vector-based model that represents store influence as a two-dimensional field, integrating both magnitude and direction of attraction. A distinctive feature of the model is the incorporation of store age as a proxy for attractiveness, reflecting consumer trust and familiarity with established retailers.

Suggested Citation

  • Xavier Uchida, Felipe Augusto & Almeida de Magalhães Cipparrone, Flávio, 2026. "Vector-based Retail Gravitation and store survival: Evidence from São Paulo pharmacies," Journal of Retailing and Consumer Services, Elsevier, vol. 92(C).
    • Handle: RePEc:eee:joreco:v:92:y:2026:i:c:s0969698926000512
    DOI: 10.1016/j.jretconser.2026.104771
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