Domestic violence perpetrated against men in Kigamboni Municipality, Tanzania: Evidence from social ecological framework

Domestic violence against men (DVAM) is an underexplored issue globally, especially in patriarchal societies. While most existing studies focus on individual-level factors such as income, age, and education, they often overlook the broader social, cultural, and relational contexts that influence male victimization. This study addresses this gap by examining DVAM through the Social Ecological Model (SEM), which analyses the interplay of individual, relational, and community-level dynamics. A mixed-methods approach combined quantitative data from 133 male victims with qualitative data from focus group discussions and key informant interviews. Multivariate logistic regression analysis identified significant associations between age disparities, income differences, and power dynamics with psychological, sexual, and financial violence (p < 0.05). Men significantly older than their partners were more likely to experience sexual violence, while men who earned more than their partners faced increased risks of sexual and psychological abuse. The SEM analysis revealed how patriarchal norms and community-level stigma discourage male victims from seeking help, perpetuating cycles of abuse. The study concludes that DVAM in Kigamboni Municipality is driven by entrenched cultural norms and relational conflicts stemming from financial and power imbalances. It recommends gender-neutral legal reforms by the Parliament and Ministry of Justice and Constitutional Affairs, community awareness campaigns to reduce stigma led by NGOs and community leaders. These interventions aim to challenge harmful norms, empower male victims, and provide practical solutions for recovery and prevention.