Multi-level joint optimization management of electrical-thermal-green certificates-carbon emissions in MIES: A trusted interaction of multi-parks based on blockchain technology

In Multi-Integrated Energy Systems (MIES), due to the multi-dimensional coupling characteristics of the electrical-thermal-green certificates-carbon market, it makes the multi-level markets collaborative optimization and trusted interactions among cross-subjects face severe challenges. To address this gap, this paper proposes a trusted interaction and multi-market joint optimization management strategy for MIES based on blockchain technology. The strategy establishes a multilevel joint optimization model of electrical-thermal-green certificate-carbon emission based on the renewable energy quota mechanism and stepped carbon price mechanism by considering the dynamic feedback of market, which realizes the dynamic coupling and interaction of the green certificates and carbon quotas. Furthermore, leveraging the consortium blockchain and the Practical Byzantine Fault Tolerance consensus mechanism, a decentralized collaborative framework is designed to support the execution of smart contracts and distributed ledger technology, thereby avoiding the impact of information tampering on the system's security and enabling trusted interactions in the energy management process. Moreover, by integrating the real-time feedback capability of blockchain and the analysis target cascading method, it proposes a collaborative optimization strategy for MIES based on hierarchical decoupling and multidimensional information interaction. The strategy achieves efficient coordination and resource sharing across systems while guaranteeing the autonomy of each park. Simulation results show that the proposed strategy significantly enhances resource allocation efficiency and system security. Compared with the centralized framework, the total operating cost of each IES in MIES is reduced by 5.29%, 27.27%, and 4.19%, respectively, which verifies the effectiveness and applicability of the proposed method in low-carbon cooperative operation.