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Evaluation of energy resilience in the Yangtze River Delta under the sustainable development goals: Application of a two-stage undesirable dynamic SBM

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  • Jiang, Guogang
  • Zhao, Yuxuan
  • Teng, Xiangyu
  • Chang, Tzu-han
  • Chiu, Yung-ho

Abstract

Amid rising climate risks, energy-supply uncertainty, and low-carbon transition, energy resilience is increasingly central to energy security and the Sustainable Development Goals. Under China's dual-carbon agenda, the Yangtze River Delta (YRD), a major urban agglomeration with high energy demand and substantial dependence on externally transmitted electricity, provides a representative case. Using an SDG7–SDG13-oriented two-stage undesirable dynamic SBM model, this study evaluates energy conversion efficiency and energy-resilience performance across 41 YRD cities from 2013 to 2024. Results reveal a pronounced stage imbalance: average conversion efficiency is 0.974, compared with 0.851 for resilience performance, indicating that efficiency gains do not automatically translate into resilience. City-level estimates further reveal marked heterogeneity in stage gaps between conversion efficiency and resilience performance across the 41 cities, exposing a systematic efficiency–resilience conversion gap. Resilience performance exhibits significant spatial clustering, whereas conversion efficiency shows no significant spatial dependence. Improvement-potential analysis identifies R&D intensity and the share of new energy as the principal constraints. Improving urban energy resilience therefore requires stronger capabilities for reliable supply, emergency response, new-energy accommodation, and adaptation.

Suggested Citation

  • Jiang, Guogang & Zhao, Yuxuan & Teng, Xiangyu & Chang, Tzu-han & Chiu, Yung-ho, 2026. "Evaluation of energy resilience in the Yangtze River Delta under the sustainable development goals: Application of a two-stage undesirable dynamic SBM," Energy, Elsevier, vol. 360(C).
    • Handle: RePEc:eee:energy:v:360:y:2026:i:c:s0360544226018712
    DOI: 10.1016/j.energy.2026.141764
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