A hybrid framework for coordinated scheduling of flexibility resources in an active distribution system interconnected with hydrogen fueling stations and intelligent parking lots

The growing demand for clean transportation and sustainable energy systems has increased the need for efficient coordination between electrical networks and hydrogen and electric vehicles. This paper proposes a hybrid uncertainty-controlling framework for the optimal scheduling of an active distribution system interconnected with hydrogen fueling stations and intelligent parking lots. The proposed model coordinates multiple flexibility resources, including dynamic line rating, grid reconfiguration, demand response programs, power-to-hydrogen conversion, and electrical/hydrogen energy storage systems, to enhance the reliability and sustainability of multi-energy operations. Uncertainties arising from weather-dependent parameters and electrical load are managed through a hybrid stochastic–robust optimization (SO-RO) method formulated as a mixed-integer second-order conic programming problem. The SO framework captures the probabilistic nature of wind speed, solar irradiation, and temperature, while the RO model ensures robustness against active demand variations. Simulation results demonstrate the effectiveness of the proposed model in improving economic, sustainable, and technical performance. The integration of flexibility resources reduces the imported power from the upstream grid by 8.74%, increases renewable utilization by 7.15%, decreases system losses by 28%, and enhances the voltage profile. Furthermore, the hybrid SO–RO approach achieves a balanced trade-off between cost and robustness, with only a 17.2% cost increase under the most conservative scenario.