A comprehensive 4E based evaluation of seven stage steam turbine integrated into a solar power tower: An annual basis dynamic evaluation

The increasing global energy demand and environmental concerns associated with fossil fuel consumption have intensified the need for efficient and sustainable renewable energy solutions. Among various solar technologies, Solar Power Tower (SPT) systems have emerged as promising candidates for large-scale and high-temperature energy applications. This study presents a comprehensive energy, exergy, economic, and environmental (4E) analysis of an SPT-based power generation system integrated with a seven-stage pressure steam turbine. The system configuration includes multiple pumps, heat exchangers, and a condenser. The system is evaluated on an annual basis under dynamic climatic conditions. Unlike conventional analyses, this study provides a detailed monthly assessment of all critical subsystems, with a focus on identifying the temporal variations in performance and feasibility. The novelty of this research lies in the implementation of a multi-stage steam turbine structure within the SPT system and the component-level evaluation of exergy destruction and economic contribution. Results indicate that the system achieves its highest performance in July, with an exergy efficiency of 60.5%, a net electricity generation of 51.85 MW, a levelized cost of electricity (LCOE) of 0.054 $/kWh, and a payback period of 4.34 years. Conversely, the system is not economically viable in winter months. The findings provide critical insights into the design and optimization of SPT-based energy systems, especially in regions with high solar potential.