A new anisotropic three-dimensional Gaussian wake model considering swirling effects for horizontal-axis wind turbine

This study proposes a novel three-dimensional double visual Gaussian wake model (3DVDG) to characterize velocity distributions in both near and far wake regions of wind turbines. The three-dimensional double Gaussian and single Gaussian function is utilized to fit the velocity distribution in near wake region and far wake region, respectively. In most scholars’ near wake models, the peak distance of the velocity distribution in the near wake region need to be preset in advance. An empirical wake swirling effects model is introduced to predict the distance between double Gaussian peak and wake centerline. Moreover, wind shear effects, the anisotropic wake expansion and turbulence intensity effects is considered. The model integrates a refined wake width formulation and wind shear corrections to enhance spatial accuracy. Validation against experimental and simulation data across four cases demonstrates the model’s robustness. Results show good agreement in far wake predictions (RMSE < 0.08) but slight underestimations in near wake regions. Compared to existing models (Super-Gaussian, 3DJG, 3D-COU), the 3DVDG model better captures the transition from double Gaussian to single Gaussian profiles and anisotropic wake expansion.