Mixed game approach for local integrated energy systems operation with hybrid energy storage sharing and hydrogen transportation

This paper proposes an optimal operation method for electricity-hydrogen hybrid energy storage sharing among local integrated energy systems (LIES) by applying hydrogen transportation. To enhance energy utilization and operation economy, a hybrid energy storage sharing operator (ESSO) with hydrogen transportation and the LIESs with electric-hydrogen storage is established. A mobile hydrogen storage sharing model based on road transportation is provided. Then, a two-layered optimal operation framework is explored based on noncooperative-cooperative mixed games. In this framework, the upper layer is a Stackelberg game-based energy-sharing framework between the energy supplier (ES) and LIESs/ESSO, operating to maximize their interests. Then, based on the determined energy prices of ES, LIESs, and ESS engage in a cooperative game to achieve optimal operation of shared energy storage and also the optimal routes for mobile hydrogen storage. To solve the operation problem, a two-layered Bisection–Weighted alternating direction method of multipliers (W-ADMM) is proposed. A case study based on three different LIESs and an ESSO is carried out to verify the proposed method and analyze the economy of the proposed mobile hydrogen transportation-based energy storage sharing framework, and the results indicate that the proposed energy sharing framework reduces the total operation cost of the LIESs alliance by 12.9 % and improves the energy utilization ratio of the whole region by 7.6 %. Also, the proposed W-ADMM-based algorithm can effectively solve the trading problem, which reduces the solving time by 50.4 %.