A novel two-level equalization topology with AMPC-IVY-FLC algorithm for enhanced lithium-ion battery pack balancing

The inconsistency issue of battery cells affects the performance and lifespan of battery packs. To address this problem, this paper proposes a novel two-level equalization topology divided into intra-group and inter-group balancing. The proposed balancing system implements a dual-topology architecture, where intra-group equalization is achieved through a bidirectional flyback converter configuration that facilitates direct energy transfer between non-adjacent cells within each battery module, while inter-group balancing employs a Cuk converter topology with dual-layer switching control to enable efficient energy redistribution between adjacent battery groups. To mitigate the impact of external disturbances, the Ivy algorithm is introduced to optimize the adaptive model predictive control (AMPC) algorithm for selecting the optimal equalization path. To further improve system accuracy and robustness, we implement a fuzzy logic control (FLC) algorithm to track the real-time equalization current. The standard deviation, SOC balancing degree, and SOC balancing speed are designed to compare the performances of the model predictive control (MPC) and AMPC algorithms. Finally, a balancing simulation involving 12 batteries is designed to verify the effectiveness of the proposed topology and strategy. Experimental results demonstrate that under different initial SOC distributions and charging/discharging conditions, the designed topology and algorithms exhibit good balancing performance, validating that the balancing model can effectively address the inconsistency issues within the battery pack.