IDEAS home Printed from https://ideas.repec.org/a/eee/energy/v335y2025ics0360544225035741.html

Study on non-monotonic variation of a HDE cold-start with cycle fuel injection quantity in the critical ambient temperature of compression ignition

Author

Listed:
  • Yang, Langjian
  • Lei, Jilin
  • Wang, Dongfang
  • Deng, Xiwen
  • Jia, Dewen
  • Liu, Kang
  • Sun, Liang

Abstract

The effect of cycle fuel injection quantity (CFIQ) on the startability of compression ignition (CI) diesel engines has not been thoroughly studied yet, particularly for an overall engine cold-start in the critical ambient temperature of CI and extreme cold environments. The impacts of CFIQ on the instantaneous speed, spray, equivalence ratio and combustion characteristics of the diesel engine during cold-start in the critical ambient temperature of CI (−5 °C) were explored by experimentation and numerical modelling. The results indicate that continuously raising CFIQ does not enhance the cold-start performance of CI diesel engines in lower ambient temperatures. Instead, there is an optimal CFIQ range that can reduce the number of start-up while shortening the duration. Liquid-phase penetration length (LPL) and vapor-phase penetration length (VPL) are insensitive to the changes in CFIQ at the same phase during spray development. However, increasing CFIQ extends the fuel injection duration. As a result, the Sauter mean diameter (SMD) peak steadily increases, and the phase of the peak gradually moves backward as CFIQ grows. This adjustment alters the fuel spray atomisation quality different, which changes the spatial distribution of the equivalence ratio in the combustion chamber in stages. The variation of ignition, high-temperature ignition (HTI) and ignition delay time (IDT) with CFIQ are nonlinear. At 27–32 mg, the ignition and HTI time are marginally delayed, and the IDT is slightly prolonged. This work presents the first systematic analysis of effects of CFIQ on cold-start in the critical ambient temperature of CI and under extreme cold-start conditions, showing that the variations of start-up and combustion performance of the diesel engine with CFIQ are non-monotonic, with one inflection point emerging during the process of early enhancement followed by subsequent deterioration. In this study, the CFIQ range that contributes to the improvement of cold-start performance of the CI diesel engine (2-cylinder, in-line, direct injection, high-pressure common rail, displacement = 0.999 L, compression ratio = 17.5) in extremely cold conditions is 24∼34 mg.

Suggested Citation

  • Yang, Langjian & Lei, Jilin & Wang, Dongfang & Deng, Xiwen & Jia, Dewen & Liu, Kang & Sun, Liang, 2025. "Study on non-monotonic variation of a HDE cold-start with cycle fuel injection quantity in the critical ambient temperature of compression ignition," Energy, Elsevier, vol. 335(C).
    • Handle: RePEc:eee:energy:v:335:y:2025:i:c:s0360544225035741
    DOI: 10.1016/j.energy.2025.137932
    as

    Download full text from publisher

    File URL: http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0360544225035741
    Download Restriction: Full text for ScienceDirect subscribers only
    File URL: https://libkey.io/10.1016/j.energy.2025.137932?utm_source=ideas
    LibKey link: if access is restricted and if your library uses this service, LibKey will redirect you to where you can use your library subscription to access this item
    ---><---

    As the access to this document is restricted, you may want to

    for a different version of it.

    References listed on IDEAS

    as
    1. Deng, Yuanwang & Liu, Huawei & Zhao, Xiaohuan & E, Jiaqiang & Chen, Jianmei, 2018. "Effects of cold start control strategy on cold start performance of the diesel engine based on a comprehensive preheat diesel engine model," Applied Energy, Elsevier, vol. 210(C), pages 279-287.
    2. Li, Yikai & Wang, Dongfang & Shi, Zhongjie & Chen, Haiyan & Liu, Fushui, 2021. "Environment-adaptive method to control intake preheating for diesel engines at cold-start conditions," Energy, Elsevier, vol. 227(C).
    3. Chen, Haiyan & Shi, Zhongjie & Liu, Fushui & Wu, Yue & Li, Yikai, 2022. "Non-monotonic change of ignition delay with injection pressure under low ambient temperature for the diesel spray combustion," Energy, Elsevier, vol. 243(C).
    4. Lu, Kangbo & Qiu, Hongjian & Chen, Ziqiang & Shi, Lei & Deng, Kangyao, 2023. "Environmental adaptability method for improving the cold start performance of the diesel engine based on pilot injection strategy," Energy, Elsevier, vol. 281(C).
    5. Agarwal, Avinash Kumar & Dhar, Atul & Gupta, Jai Gopal & Kim, Woong Il & Lee, Chang Sik & Park, Sungwook, 2014. "Effect of fuel injection pressure and injection timing on spray characteristics and particulate size–number distribution in a biodiesel fuelled common rail direct injection diesel engine," Applied Energy, Elsevier, vol. 130(C), pages 212-221.
    6. Kan, Zechao & Hu, Zhiyuan & Lou, Diming & Tan, Piqiang & Cao, Zhiyi & Yang, Zhenhuan, 2018. "Effects of altitude on combustion and ignition characteristics of speed-up period during cold start in a diesel engine," Energy, Elsevier, vol. 150(C), pages 164-175.
    7. Shi, Zhicheng & Lee, Chia-fon & Wu, Han & Li, Haiying & Wu, Yang & Zhang, Lu & Bo, Yaqing & Liu, Fushui, 2020. "Effect of injection pressure on the impinging spray and ignition characteristics of the heavy-duty diesel engine under low-temperature conditions," Applied Energy, Elsevier, vol. 262(C).
    Full references (including those not matched with items on IDEAS)

    Citations

    Citations are extracted by the CitEc Project, subscribe to its RSS feed for this item.
    as


    Cited by:

    1. Yang, Langjian & Lei, Jilin & Wang, Dongfang & Deng, Xiwen & Wang, Baojian & Sun, Liang, 2025. "Experimental and numerical investigation on mixture formation, ignition, combustion and emission characteristics of aviation piston engines during cold-start under variable altitudes," Energy, Elsevier, vol. 341(C).

    Most related items

    These are the items that most often cite the same works as this one and are cited by the same works as this one.
    1. Wang, Tianxiang & Cui, Tao & Zhang, Fujun, 2025. "Experimental study on dynamic misfire characteristics of CI engine during cold start," Energy, Elsevier, vol. 335(C).
    2. Yang, Langjian & Lei, Jilin & Wang, Dongfang & Deng, Xiwen & Wang, Baojian & Sun, Liang, 2025. "Experimental and numerical investigation on mixture formation, ignition, combustion and emission characteristics of aviation piston engines during cold-start under variable altitudes," Energy, Elsevier, vol. 341(C).
    3. Yingshu Liu & Degang Li & Miao Yang & Hao Zhang & Liang Guo & Dawei Qu & Jianjiang Liu & Xuedong Lin, 2025. "Transient Injection Quantity Control Strategy for Automotive Diesel Engine Start-Idle Based on Target Speed Variation Characteristics," Energies, MDPI, vol. 18(19), pages 1-19, October.
    4. Xiangting Wang & Haiqiao Wei & Jiaying Pan & Zhen Hu & Zeyuan Zheng & Mingzhang Pan, 2020. "Analysis of Diesel Knock for High-Altitude Heavy-Duty Engines Using Optical Rapid Compression Machines," Energies, MDPI, vol. 13(12), pages 1-14, June.
    5. Xuewen Zhang & Xiang Huang & Peiyong Ni & Xiang Li, 2023. "Strategies to Reduce Emissions from Diesel Engines under Cold Start Conditions: A Review," Energies, MDPI, vol. 16(13), pages 1-21, July.
    6. Alessandro Ferrari & Alberto Vassallo, 2025. "The Impact of the Common Rail Fuel Injection System on Performance and Emissions of Modern and Future Compression Ignition Engines," Energies, MDPI, vol. 18(19), pages 1-206, October.
    7. Song, Yue & Zhou, Yu & Zhao, Shuai & Du, Fa-rong & Li, Xue-yu & Zhu, Kun & Yan, Huan-song & Xu, Zheng & Ding, Shui-ting, 2024. "Cyclic coupling and working characteristics analysis of a novel combined cycle engine concept for aviation applications," Energy, Elsevier, vol. 301(C).
    8. Liu, Jinlong & Wang, Bosen & Meng, Zhongwei & Liu, Zhentao, 2023. "An examination of performance deterioration indicators of diesel engines on the plateau," Energy, Elsevier, vol. 262(PB).
    9. Sun, Hao & Zhang, Wugao & Wang, Yixuan, 2023. "Experimental study on improving cold start performance of diesel engines at extremely low ambient temperatures with diethyl ether," Energy, Elsevier, vol. 283(C).
    10. Xu, Leilei & Bai, Xue-Song & Jia, Ming & Qian, Yong & Qiao, Xinqi & Lu, Xingcai, 2018. "Experimental and modeling study of liquid fuel injection and combustion in diesel engines with a common rail injection system," Applied Energy, Elsevier, vol. 230(C), pages 287-304.
    11. Lu, Kangbo & Qiu, Hongjian & Chen, Ziqiang & Shi, Lei & Deng, Kangyao, 2023. "Environmental adaptability method for improving the cold start performance of the diesel engine based on pilot injection strategy," Energy, Elsevier, vol. 281(C).
    12. Yan, Jie & Jin, Shuang & Zhang, Weizheng & Guo, Zhenyao & Yuan, Yanpeng, 2025. "Investigation of wall temperature effects on fuel spray impingement and combustion characteristics in air-cooled diesel engines during cold start," Energy, Elsevier, vol. 335(C).
    13. Li, Yikai & Wang, Dongfang & Shi, Zhongjie & Chen, Haiyan & Liu, Fushui, 2021. "Environment-adaptive method to control intake preheating for diesel engines at cold-start conditions," Energy, Elsevier, vol. 227(C).
    14. Shi, Zhicheng & Lee, Chia-fon & Wu, Han & Li, Haiying & Wu, Yang & Zhang, Lu & Bo, Yaqing & Liu, Fushui, 2020. "Effect of injection pressure on the impinging spray and ignition characteristics of the heavy-duty diesel engine under low-temperature conditions," Applied Energy, Elsevier, vol. 262(C).
    15. E, Jiaqiang & Liu, Guanlin & Zhang, Zhiqing & Han, Dandan & Chen, Jingwei & Wei, Kexiang & Gong, Jinke & Yin, Zibin, 2019. "Effect analysis on cold starting performance enhancement of a diesel engine fueled with biodiesel fuel based on an improved thermodynamic model," Applied Energy, Elsevier, vol. 243(C), pages 321-335.
    16. Yuanzhi Tang & Diming Lou & Chengguan Wang & Piqiang Tan & Zhiyuan Hu & Yunhua Zhang & Liang Fang, 2020. "Joint Study of Impingement Combustion Simulation and Diesel Visualization Experiment of Variable Injection Pressure in Constant Volume Vessel," Energies, MDPI, vol. 13(23), pages 1-19, November.
    17. Doppalapudi, A.T. & Azad, A.K. & Khan, M.M.K., 2021. "Combustion chamber modifications to improve diesel engine performance and reduce emissions: A review," Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, Elsevier, vol. 152(C).
    18. Hamedi, M.R. & Doustdar, O. & Tsolakis, A. & Hartland, J., 2019. "Thermal energy storage system for efficient diesel exhaust aftertreatment at low temperatures," Applied Energy, Elsevier, vol. 235(C), pages 874-887.
    19. Djati Wibowo Djamari & Muhammad Idris & Permana Andi Paristiawan & Muhammad Mujtaba Abbas & Olusegun David Samuel & Manzoore Elahi M. Soudagar & Safarudin Gazali Herawan & Davannendran Chandran & Abdu, 2022. "Diesel Spray: Development of Spray in Diesel Engine," Sustainability, MDPI, vol. 14(23), pages 1-22, November.
    20. Zhiqing Yu & Li Yang & Jianhui Zhao & Leonid Grekhov, 2024. "Research on Multi-Objective Optimization of High-Speed Solenoid Valve Drive Strategies under the Synergistic Effect of Dynamic Response and Energy Loss," Energies, MDPI, vol. 17(2), pages 1-18, January.

    More about this item

    Keywords

    ;
    ;
    ;
    ;
    ;
    ;

    Statistics

    Access and download statistics

    Corrections

    All material on this site has been provided by the respective publishers and authors. You can help correct errors and omissions. When requesting a correction, please mention this item's handle: RePEc:eee:energy:v:335:y:2025:i:c:s0360544225035741. See general information about how to correct material in RePEc.

    If you have authored this item and are not yet registered with RePEc, we encourage you to do it here. This allows to link your profile to this item. It also allows you to accept potential citations to this item that we are uncertain about.

    If CitEc recognized a bibliographic reference but did not link an item in RePEc to it, you can help with this form .

    If you know of missing items citing this one, you can help us creating those links by adding the relevant references in the same way as above, for each refering item. If you are a registered author of this item, you may also want to check the "citations" tab in your RePEc Author Service profile, as there may be some citations waiting for confirmation.

    For technical questions regarding this item, or to correct its authors, title, abstract, bibliographic or download information, contact: Catherine Liu (email available below). General contact details of provider: http://www.journals.elsevier.com/energy .

    Please note that corrections may take a couple of weeks to filter through the various RePEc services.

    IDEAS is a RePEc service. RePEc uses bibliographic data supplied by the respective publishers.