Design and assessment of V2G systems for hybrid vehicles based on fuel cells, power batteries and photovoltaic cells

As fossil fuels continue to deplete, renewable energy's application in electric vehicles has garnered significant attention. Simultaneously, the proliferation of Vehicle-to-Grid (V2G) technology has promoted deep integration between electric vehicles and the grid. However, current research on integrating photovoltaic (PV) systems into vehicle energy systems and combining V2G technology remains insufficient. Therefore, this paper proposes a Photovoltaic Battery-Fuel Cell-Power Battery hybrid energy storage bus (PEB) based on the platform of buses, exploring its interactive application with the grid (PEB-V2G). The study employs a Power Following Strategy (PFS) to control the three-electric system, ensuring precise regulation of the DC bus and effective tracking of power currents. Additionally, a general framework is proposed to optimize the V2G energy model, including strategy adjustment for V2G events and flexibility assessment. Research results indicate that under urban conditions, the power battery SOC of PEB increases by 1.24 % compared to Fuel Cell Electric Vehicles (FCEV), providing support for subsequent vehicle grid connection. The PEB-V2G system can supply over 100 MW of power during peak periods and can rapidly recover from V2G events within 3 h through the PV system. These innovations, bridged by new energy vehicles, promote deep interaction between renewable energy and the grid, contributing to reduced greenhouse gas emissions and enhanced grid stability.