Developing a replicable methodology for assessing pumped hydro energy storage potential: Mapping, estimation, and economic analysis

Pumped hydro energy storage (PHES) is a proven large-scale electricity storage technology, critical for enabling the transition to renewable energy systems. However, identifying suitable locations remains challenging due to site-specific requirements, raising concerns about scalability to meet future energy demands. This study introduces an innovative, automated Geographic Information System (GIS) based model to systematically identify and evaluate the PHES potential. The methodology integrates spatial datasets, including terrain, hydrology, and infrastructure, and also considers seawater-based PHES. It is globally replicable, scalable, and adaptable, allowing region-specific adjustments for parameters like elevation and proximity to water bodies. Applied to India, the model analysed 884,672 km2 across 704 sites, identifying 297 viable locations with a combined energy storage capacity exceeding 38 TWhcap (4758 GW power for an 8-h cycle), surpassing India's projected 2050 storage demand by a factor of nine. Madhya Pradesh exhibited the highest potential (>11 TWhcap). Economic analysis shows that most sites are cost-effective in comparison to lithium-ion batteries, reinforcing PHES as a competitive storage solution. This study provides a replicable framework to accelerate PHES deployment globally and support decision-making in achieving renewable energy integration targets and long-term climate goals.