Research on energy management strategies for ammonia-hydrogen internal combustion engine hybrid electrical vehicles

A zero-carbon hybrid system combining ammonia and hydrogen in an internal combustion engine (AHICE) leverages their complementary strengths: ammonia provides high energy density and low-cost storage, while hydrogen enables rapid combustion and reduced nitrogen oxide emissions. This synergy addresses carbon-free fuel challenges and enhances energy efficiency. The system integrates a power battery to supplement engine output, allowing the AHICE to operate within its optimal efficiency range and improve fuel economy. Nevertheless, the presence of two power sources in the hybrid power system introduces a greater degree of complexity concerning the control of the power system. Consequently, energy management strategies are required to ensure the reasonable allocation of the power output of the AHICE and the power battery. This work proposes an ammonia-hydrogen hybrid powertrain energy management strategy for passenger cars. Bench testing explored the power output and fuel efficiency of an AHICE, establishing the groundwork for engine modeling. Subsequently, a hybrid powertrain model is developed, and an optimization-based ECMS is introduced to enhance the fuel efficiency of the hybrid system. Finally, the simulation results indicate that the proposed ECMS-D achieves a 5.68 % improvement in fuel economy and reduces the equivalent hydrogen consumption. Moreover, the control strategy reduces the power battery's SOC fluctuation range. This provides the basis for the application of a zero-carbon hybrid system in passenger cars.