Sustainable energy practices: Analysis of gases and particulate matter emissions during pyrolysis of polymeric layers of waste silicon solar panels for recycling process

The escalating global deployment of photovoltaic (PV) modules is anticipated to generate approximately 60–78 million tons of waste by 2050. Addressing this challenge requires a strategic approach to resource recovery, circular economy promotion, and environmental impact reduction through end-of-life (EOL) recycling. Among the various recycling methods, thermal treatment stands out as a prominent technique, leading to release of various emissions. In this study, waste solar panels underwent high-temperature thermal treatment (a-kind of pyrolysis process for removal of polymeric layers) to investigate the diverse emissions associated with material extraction. Our focus lies in assessing the environmental impact of thermal treatment by determining emission factors (EF) for trace gases (CO, CO2, SO2, NO, NO2, and CH4), particulate matter (PM), organic carbon (OC), elemental carbon (EC), and water-soluble organic carbon (WSOC). Emissions were highest for PM1, followed by PM2.5 and PM10, posing potential health risks to humans. Additionally, X-ray Fluorescence (XRF) spectroscopy identified the release of 13 elements (Na, B, Ca, N, Mg, Al, P, K, S, Fe, Cr, Cl, and Ag), including toxic elements Cr and Pb. This study provides crucial insights for policymakers and industry, guiding sustainable recycling practices for waste solar panels, with a focus on mitigating energy-related environmental impacts.