Hybrid competitive-cooperative games modeling for sustainable multi-microgrid in transactive energy systems considering stochastic approaches and environmental perspectives

To improve energy management effectiveness in sustainable multi-microgrid (MMG) networks, the concept of a multi-microgrid transactive energy system (MMG-TES) has been introduced. This paper presents a comprehensive model of an MMG-TES incorporating a distribution system operator (DSO) within a bi-level optimization framework inspired by the Stackelberg game. To enhance realism, uncertainties in demand, wholesale market prices, and renewable energy sources are accounted for using a stochastic approach. The DSO, as network owner, uses AC power flow calculations and pricing mechanisms at the upper level. Microgrids act as followers, responding to DSO's pricing signals at the lower level. To enhance MMG-TES negotiation capabilities, microgrids form alliances through a competitive-cooperative game, with the total coalition number determined by Bell numbers. The optimal strategy is selected based on profit division with fair payoff allocation, considering local resource utilization, emission reduction, and calculated net costs. The IEEE 33-bus network simulation demonstrates notable results: 15% reduction in MMG-TES cost and 14% decrease in active power purchases from the upstream grid, and greenhouse gas emissions decreased by 6%. Additionally, voltage magnitude improvements and active and reactive power losses are reduced in MMG-TES (13% and 14%) and DSO zones (23.2% and 23.5%).