Multi-market participation of electricity–hydrogen DC microgrid with correlated uncertainties

It is challenging to design an energy scheduling scheme for a DC microgrid. In this paper, we propose an energy scheduling approach with multi-market participation of a DC microgrid comprising renewable and controllable sources and flexible loads, considering electricity–hydrogen sectoral coupling. The DC microgrid takes part in the day-ahead wholesale energy (electricity) market, reserve market, and hydrogen energy market. The DC microgrid operator aims to maximise profit, and flexible consumers attempt to minimise electricity purchase cost. The proposed energy scheduling model coordinates the flexible resources of the DC microgrid operator (electricity purchased from the wholesale market, electricity generated by fuel cells and microturbines, hydrogen generated by electrolyser, and charge/discharge schedules of battery and hydrogen storage) with the consumer side flexibilities (setpoints of thermostatically controllable loads and charge/discharge schedules of hybrid electric vehicles) using the “Stackelberg game theory” approach. We have captured the input uncertainties by probabilistic models and associated correlations by “Copula” theory. Simulation studies on a six-bus test DC microgrid network have validated the proposed approach. The simulation results illustrate that the suggested scheduling approach balances the interests of the DC microgrid operator and consumers. Further, the operating cost of the DC microgrid operator reduces by ∼57.42% with the multi-market participation for the understudy test system.