Future-powered transportation fleets and mobility in eco-friendly cities: Economic scheduling interactions for integrated energy hubs via micromobility electric vehicles

This study proposes an integrated framework for sustainable urban energy management by embedding electric micromobility vehicles (EMVs) into Urban Integrated Energy Hubs (U-IEHs). EMVs are modeled not only as low-carbon transport modes but also as mobile energy storage assets capable of grid interaction through bidirectional charging (G2V/V2G). The framework incorporates renewable energy sources (RESs), stationary energy storage systems (SESSs), and flexible energy demand management (FEDM) to enable coordinated energy scheduling and optimize overall system performance. A mixed-integer linear programming (MILP) approach is developed to manage the complex interdependencies between electricity, heating, cooling, and mobility energy demands under uncertainty. The proposed model is validated through multiple simulation scenarios. Results indicate that integrating EMVs into the urban energy ecosystem achieves a 26.8 % reduction in total operational costs, an 18.5 % decrease in peak energy costs, and a 15.25 % drop in carbon emissions. These improvements underscore the capability of EMVs to balance energy supply and demand dynamically. This research highlights a paradigm shift from conventional centralized urban energy systems to decentralized, multi-energy networks that leverage mobile storage and user participation. Policymakers are encouraged to support EMV adoption through investment in G2V/V2G infrastructure and incentive schemes. The findings offer a robust foundation for advancing low-carbon, resilient, and cost-effective urban energy systems aligned with global sustainability goals.