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Effects of split injection strategies on evaporation dynamics and combustion performance: Role of first injection mass ratio in soot and NOx reduction

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  • Shang, Weiwei
  • Li, Haizhao
  • Yang, Kang
  • Qi, Haotian
  • Nishida, Keiya

Abstract

This study systematically investigates the effects of single and split diesel injection strategies on fuel-air mixing, evaporation, and combustion performance in a 2D piston cavity. Through laser absorption scattering (LAS) and two-color techniques, the injection rate, spray tip penetration, liquid/vapor-phase distribution, ignition timing (IT), and emissions characteristics were analyzed across four strategies: S160 (single injection) and D160_25:75, D160_50:50, D160_75:25 (split with 25 %, 50 %, and 75 % first-stage mass ratios, respectively). Results demonstrate that split injection significantly enhances fuel evaporation efficiency compared to single injection, while simultaneously reducing NOx and soot. The D160_75:25 strategy demonstrated optimal performance by achieving the highest vapor-phase homogeneity—as quantified through vapor-phase concentration distribution analysis (ranking: D160_75:25 > D160_25:75 > D160_50:50)—along with reduced wall-film formation and minimized NOx-soot trade-offs. Critical thresholds for ignition (vapor concentration >0.8 mg/cm3) and soot formation (>1 mg/cm3) were identified. The 75 % first-stage injection ratio emerged as the most balanced approach, improving combustion efficiency while aligning with tightening emission regulations. This work establishes a mechanistic framework for designing split injection systems that enhance energy conversion efficiency in diesel engines, offering a pragmatic pathway for decarbonizing non-electrified transport sectors.

Suggested Citation

  • Shang, Weiwei & Li, Haizhao & Yang, Kang & Qi, Haotian & Nishida, Keiya, 2025. "Effects of split injection strategies on evaporation dynamics and combustion performance: Role of first injection mass ratio in soot and NOx reduction," Energy, Elsevier, vol. 332(C).
    • Handle: RePEc:eee:energy:v:332:y:2025:i:c:s0360544225028567
    DOI: 10.1016/j.energy.2025.137214
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