A three-stage optimization planning model for the integrated energy service station from the sustainable perspective of energy-transportation-information-humanities

The urgent issue of high fossil energy consumption and heavy carbon emissions in the transportation sector demands prompt solutions. Deepening the integration of energy and transportation sectors and accelerating the development of new energy vehicles are crucial for achieving carbon reduction goals. This study addresses key bottlenecks like structural infrastructure shortages. It proposes an off-grid integrated energy service station (IESS) combining solar PV, wind power, and hydrogen storage. This system overcomes the reliance of traditional grid-connected IESS on external power grids and mitigates the adverse effects of the volatility and intermittency of renewable energy. It dynamically meets the diversified energy demands in the transportation sector and significantly enhances the stability and autonomy of energy supply. Existing energy service facilities have shortcomings in inclusive coverage and safety risk prevention. Additionally, there are issues such as the lack of data-driven analysis and weak system coordination in planning. To address these, this study constructs a three-stage optimization planning model integrating "energy-transportation-information-humanities". In Stage 1, the GIS-BWM model is used to evaluate regional layout suitability, overcoming the one-sidedness of traditional site selection. Stage 2 employs kernel density estimation and LHS-BR scenario generation to simulate uncertainties and create typical seasonal scenarios, improving planning accuracy. Stage 3 develops a multi-objective capacity model using NSGA-III and CRITIC-TODIM. It balances environmental/economic benefits with supply reliability. Empirical results show that the optimal configuration achieves a loss of power supply probability of 0.0178, an annual comprehensive cost of CNY 51.457 million, and life cycle carbon emissions of 26,352 tons. Compared with grid-connected IESS, the off-grid IESS reduces carbon emissions by 47.3 %, demonstrating significant environmental benefits. Scenario and sensitivity analyses confirm the model's robustness. This four-dimensional collaborative framework and data-driven approach provide a comprehensive theoretical reference for the scientific planning of transportation-energy integrated facilities.