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Suppression thermal runaway propagation of LiFePO4 batteries during nail penetration test based on liquid immersion cooling

Author

Listed:
  • Liu, Xinyu
  • Li, Yang
  • Gao, Shuai
  • Lv, Xuecheng
  • Zhou, Zhifu
  • Wu, Wei-Tao
  • Wei, Lei
  • Lyu, Jizu
  • Li, Yubai
  • Song, Yongchen

Abstract

The thermal safety accidents of high specific energy lithium-ion batteries (LIBs) occur frequently, impeding their further large-scale application in electric vehicles. In this study, the experimental systems for semi-open and sealed spaces are established. Meanwhile, based on the liquid immersion cooling (LIC) system, the thermal runaway (TR) suppression mechanisms of the single LIB and LIB pack are reported systematically. For the single LIB (two pouch cells connected in series), the LIB is penetrated to 50 % depth, namely, the first pouch cell. We discover that the unpenetrated pouch cell remains at 0.58 V and is structurally intact. Compared with the natural convection conditions, the LIB peak temperature is decreased by 141.3 °C. The gas generation reactions are significantly mitigated. Furthermore, the heat and gas generation are gradually decreased with a reduction in state of charge (SOC). More importantly, after penetrating the first LIB in the LIB pack, we observe that the maximum temperature of the neighboring LIB is around 49 °C. The study provides a first step towards LIB thermal safety protection projects.

Suggested Citation

  • Liu, Xinyu & Li, Yang & Gao, Shuai & Lv, Xuecheng & Zhou, Zhifu & Wu, Wei-Tao & Wei, Lei & Lyu, Jizu & Li, Yubai & Song, Yongchen, 2025. "Suppression thermal runaway propagation of LiFePO4 batteries during nail penetration test based on liquid immersion cooling," Energy, Elsevier, vol. 330(C).
    • Handle: RePEc:eee:energy:v:330:y:2025:i:c:s0360544225026155
    DOI: 10.1016/j.energy.2025.136973
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    References listed on IDEAS

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    1. Mao, Binbin & Chi, Cheng & Lu, Jiahao & Zhang, Ying, 2026. "Acceleration mechanism of the thermal runaway propagation in an enclosed LIB cluster and the fire disadvantage of liquid immersion," Energy, Elsevier, vol. 347(C).

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