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Control strategy and techno-economic optimization of a small-scale hybrid energy storage system: A reversible HP/ORC-based Carnot battery and an electrical battery

Author

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  • Guo, Bentao
  • Lemort, Vincent
  • Cendoya, Aitor

Abstract

By integrating renewable energy, Carnot batteries can support farms with intermittent grid access and a high reliance on diesel. This study proposes a reversible HP/ORC system hybridized with an electrical battery (BAT) to meet power and cooling demands. Operational strategies regarding ORC/BAT output priority and whether ORC charges BAT are analyzed: (A) ORC prioritizes and charges BAT, (B) BAT prioritizes while ORC charges BAT, (C) ORC prioritizes without charging BAT, and (D) BAT prioritizes without ORC charging BAT. A system without BAT (NoBAT) serves as a benchmark. The impact of mismatches between the built-in volume ratio of the compressor and hot storage temperature on HP/ORC performance is investigated, and a techno-economic optimization considering system size, operational parameters, and control factors is conducted under off-grid conditions. Results indicate an optimal levelized cost of energy between 0.165 and 0.216 €/kWh. Strategy B achieves the best energy coverage and CO2 reduction, while NoBAT incurs the lowest investment costs. Strategies B/D demonstrate higher adaptability to demand and component size variations, while the annual grid reliability significantly influences grid/diesel usage in NoBAT and Strategy A. This study highlights the potential of hybrid Carnot/electrical battery systems to enhance energy resilience and sustainability for family farms.

Suggested Citation

  • Guo, Bentao & Lemort, Vincent & Cendoya, Aitor, 2025. "Control strategy and techno-economic optimization of a small-scale hybrid energy storage system: A reversible HP/ORC-based Carnot battery and an electrical battery," Energy, Elsevier, vol. 329(C).
    • Handle: RePEc:eee:energy:v:329:y:2025:i:c:s0360544225021504
    DOI: 10.1016/j.energy.2025.136508
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