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The height of Swiss mercenaries, c. 1725 – c. 1865

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  • Chambru, Cédric
  • Hediger, Simon
  • Metzler, Jakob
  • Woitek, Ulrich

Abstract

This paper traces the evolution of the biological standard of living in Switzerland using anthropometric evidence from approximately 22,000 Swiss mercenaries born between c. 1725 and c. 1865. The data reveal a marked decline in average height beginning in the 1770s and persisting throughout the first half of the nineteenth century, with no clear signs of recovery. Mercenaries born before 1800 were on average 2.5 cm taller than those born thereafter, pointing to a sustained deterioration in net nutritional status and health conditions.

Suggested Citation

  • Chambru, Cédric & Hediger, Simon & Metzler, Jakob & Woitek, Ulrich, 2026. "The height of Swiss mercenaries, c. 1725 – c. 1865," Economics & Human Biology, Elsevier, vol. 61(C).
    • Handle: RePEc:eee:ehbiol:v:61:y:2026:i:c:s1570677x26000328
    DOI: 10.1016/j.ehb.2026.101602
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