From local to regional: Enhancing groundwater management with simulation models like MODFLOW and geospatial technologies

With increasing dependence on groundwater due to deteriorating surface water quality, effective groundwater management has become critically important. This paper provides a comprehensive review of advancements in groundwater modeling with a primary focus on MODFLOW and its derivatives. MODFLOW, developed by the U.S. Geological Survey, has evolved into a modular and versatile modeling framework. Advanced versions such as MODFLOW-NWT, MODFLOW-USG, and MODFLOW-LGR have extended the model’s ability to simulate complex hydrogeological conditions, including unconfined aquifers, irregular boundaries, and refined local grids. The integration of MODFLOW with graphical user interfaces like Visual MODFLOW and Groundwater Modelling System (GMS), and the introduction of MODFLOW 6, have improved model usability and simulation capabilities. Furthermore, the coupling of MODFLOW with other simulation tools like SEAWAT, HYDRUS, FEFLOW, and MIKE SHE supports multi-process modeling involving groundwater flow, solute transport, and surface water interactions. This paper also explores the integration of remote sensing and GIS technologies, which enhance spatial data resolution and compensate for data limitations, particularly in data-scarce regions such as the Himalayan basin. Case studies demonstrate how these integrated modeling tools are applied in groundwater flow analysis, recharge estimation, contaminant transport, and climate impact assessments. These applications highlight the growing role of MODFLOW-based tools in supporting sustainable water resource management. The review underscores the need for ongoing innovation in groundwater modeling, particularly through the integration of emerging technologies such as artificial intelligence, cloud-based platforms, and the Internet of Things (IoT). These tools offer promising avenues for enhancing predictive accuracy and supporting more informed, real-time decision-making. Ultimately, this paper aims to assist researchers, planners, and policymakers in advancing integrated and sustainable groundwater management strategies.