Research on the sustainable development of agricultural ecosystems based on the population and ecological interaction network model

To analyze the effects of management practices on long-term sustainability in agricultural ecosystems, an integrated ecological model was developed that incorporates population dynamics and ecological network interactions, with key processes and feedback mechanisms quantified through differential equations. The model simulated the dynamic responses of producers, consumers, and decomposers under various management scenarios. This study was validated using agricultural data from two Indian regions, Bangalore and Mysuru. Spanning 2009–2018, this data represents ecologically suboptimal "problem scenarios". The simulation results unveil hierarchical key findings: Firstly, although chemical inputs augment short-term yields, they induce long-term soil degradation and biodiversity loss. Secondly, the reintroduction of native species remarkably enhances system resilience. Thirdly, discontinuing herbicide application initially diminishes producer stability, subsequently leading to declines in diversity and soil health. Fourthly, bat populations, functioning as biological regulators, contribute to the improvement of system stability and productivity. Additionally, organic farming significantly promotes biodiversity and soil quality, despite slight reductions in yield and economic returns. This study corroborates that the developed model can effectively analyze dynamic processes within complex agricultural contexts. Building upon these findings, it furnishes a reliable foundation for simulation and decision support, enabling the assessment of the sustainability of agricultural practices and facilitating the transition toward long-term stability and ecological harmony.