System dynamics applied to the e-waste value chain: A brazilian case study

The reverse supply chain focuses on the reuse and recycling of products, components, and materials. In this context, urban mining (UM) plays a crucial role in recovering valuable materials through circular solutions from secondary sources. This study explores the application of system dynamics (SD) to analyze UM processes, specifically in managing WEEE. The research examines the influence of business models and regulatory frameworks on the recovery of materials. It also introduces the concept of the transition zone (TZ), an area that lies between different stages of development, which can either help move things forward or create setbacks, shaping the future of managing this type of waste. The findings reveal that WEEE recovery is regulated to varying degrees across regions, with Europe and North America having established frameworks, while other countries, including Brazil, are still developing regulations. The SD model highlights several business models for WEEE recycling, each at different stages of maturity. The study shows that creating tailored regulations can promote circular economy principles, improving efficiency in resource recovery. However, the lack of formal frameworks often leads to the informal sector's exclusion, hindering effective waste management. The research also emphasizes the importance of developing public policies that streamline cross-border regulations and further refine business models to optimize WEEE management. The findings provide valuable insights for future policy development and operational strategies to support urban mining and resource recovery from WEEE, with recommendations for integrating these principles into local and global systems.