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Assessing environmental factors in red spruce (Picea rubens Sarg.) growth in the Great Smoky Mountains National Park, USA: From conceptual model, envirogram, to simulation model

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  • Koo, Kyung-Ah
  • Patten, Bernard C.
  • Teskey, Robert O.

Abstract

This study provides a method for assessing a multiplicity of environmental factors in red spruce growth in the Great Smoky Mountains National Park (GSMNP) of Southeastern USA. Direct and indirect factors in the annual growth increment are first organized into a schematic input–output envirogram (ARIRS), and this information is then used to construct a simulation model (ARIM). The envirogram represents a structured conceptualization of most environmental factors involved in growth, as developed from relevant literature. This interdisciplinary synthesis distinguishes direct vs. indirect factors in growth and takes account of the systems ecology concept that indirect factors may be as important as or more important than direct ones in regulating growth. The ARIRS envirogram summarizes hierarchically organized, within- and cross-scale, local-to-global interactions, and its construction makes it obvious that growth is influenced by many cross-scale spatiotemporal interactions. More research on genecology is still needed to clarify the role of phenotypic plasticity and adaptive capacity in nutrient cycling, global change, and human disturbance.

Suggested Citation

  • Koo, Kyung-Ah & Patten, Bernard C. & Teskey, Robert O., 2011. "Assessing environmental factors in red spruce (Picea rubens Sarg.) growth in the Great Smoky Mountains National Park, USA: From conceptual model, envirogram, to simulation model," Ecological Modelling, Elsevier, vol. 222(3), pages 824-834.
    • Handle: RePEc:eee:ecomod:v:222:y:2011:i:3:p:824-834
    DOI: 10.1016/j.ecolmodel.2010.11.020
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    References listed on IDEAS

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    1. John N. Thompson & Bradley M. Cunningham, 2002. "Geographic structure and dynamics of coevolutionary selection," Nature, Nature, vol. 417(6890), pages 735-738, June.
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    Cited by:

    1. Koo, Kyung Ah & Madden, Marguerite & Patten, Bernard C., 2014. "Projection of red spruce (Picea rubens Sargent) habitat suitability and distribution in the Southern Appalachian Mountains, USA," Ecological Modelling, Elsevier, vol. 293(C), pages 91-101.
    2. Koo, Kyung Ah & Patten, Bernard C. & Teskey, Robert O. & Creed, Irena F., 2014. "Climate change effects on red spruce decline mitigated by reduction in air pollution within its shrinking habitat range," Ecological Modelling, Elsevier, vol. 293(C), pages 81-90.

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