Research-policy-practice in developing a systems approach to child protection: a county-level case in China

This study examines the interactions and gaps among research, policy, and practice in developing a county-level child protection system in County L, southern China. Through field observations, document analysis, and focus group interviews, it identifies a bidirectional relationship between these domains. Influenced by global and national pilot initiatives, County L has established a three-tier protection network (county, township, village), integrating key components of a systems approach; however, challenges remain in aligning implementation with research evidence and policy frameworks. Structural gaps include the Civil Affairs Department’s limited authority to coordinate public security and judiciary sectors, while contextual gaps such as traditional norms and low public awareness weaken child abuse reporting and prevention mechanisms. Operational gaps arise from heavy reliance on international NGOs and earmarked funding, coupled with limited professional capacity, raising concerns about sustainability. This study emphasizes the need for evidence-informed policy design that balances systemic consistency, cultural adaptability, and professional capacity. Strengthening collaboration mechanisms, data-driven decision-making, and integrating child protection into universal social services are crucial for adaptive governance. The case of County L highlights the complexity of building resilient child protection systems in resource-constrained settings, offering valuable insights for developing countries facing similar challenges.