Local adults’ perceptions of adverse experiences and psychosocial consequences among refugee children in Sudan and South Sudan

Background: Adverse experiences are significant sources of stress that negatively impact mental health and overall functioning. These experiences are particularly prevalent in low- and middle-income countries. Within such contexts, schools and local communities are considered vital platforms for delivering psychosocial support. Understanding local perspectives on children’s adverse experiences—and their consequences—is essential for developing effective strategies to protect and support affected children and to mitigate potential harm. Aim: This study aims to explore how adults—specifically teachers and parents—in Sudan and South Sudan perceive and interpret children’s adverse experiences, as well as the impact of these experiences on children’s psychosocial functioning and well-being. Method: This is an exploratory qualitative study with a sample of 45 informants. Data were collected through focus group discussions, in-depth interviews, and open-ended questionnaire responses. Thematic analysis was employed to identify and interpret key patterns within the data. Findings: Participants described a wide range of adversities affecting children, including hunger, domestic violence, abuse, neglect, and traumatic experiences related to war. These adversities were perceived to have severe and far-reaching consequences for children’s development, behaviour, and emotional well-being. Addressing these challenges requires holistic and multi-layered interventions that consider the broader ecological context of the child. Isolated or narrowly focused efforts were seen as inadequate. Conclusion: To achieve meaningful and sustainable impact, it is essential to implement comprehensive strategies that encompass improvements in caregiving practices, family support, community strengthening, and direct assistance to parents, teachers, and children.