Resilience-oriented hybrid operation strategy for distribution systems considering dynamic energy storage reserves

There is an increasing need for practical and cost-effective outage management strategies that ensure reliable power supply in isolated areas of the distribution grid while keeping operational costs within acceptable limits. In this paper, a hybrid operation framework for distribution systems is proposed. In grid-connected areas, the system operation is coordinated by the central energy management system, while in islanded areas, a novel fully distributed consensus-based algorithm is developed to determine the optimal operation. To this end, an autonomous topology reconfiguration mechanism is developed, allowing independent execution of localized consensus algorithms across multiple faulted areas. Furthermore, a geographically informed reserve scheduling strategy is introduced that dynamically allocates storage reserves based on anticipated fault location, time, and local load–renewable characteristics. The effectiveness of the proposed framework is validated on both 13-bus and 123-bus distribution systems under fault location, time, renewable, and demand uncertainty. As a result, the system resilience is enhanced by an average of 13.24% in the 13-bus system and 12.31% in the 123-bus system. Moreover, the proposed method achieves an average cost reduction rate of 14.21% in the 13-bus system and 2.14% in the 123-bus system. Specifically, the fully distributed consensus algorithm, combined with autonomous topology reconfiguration, achieves an optimal cost achievement rate of 98.68%, maintaining robustness while transitioning from centralized to distributed operation. Thus, the proposed operation framework achieves higher resilience and improved economic efficiency.