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Exploration of non-steady-state impedance behavior for lithium-ion batteries using distribution of relaxation time

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  • Hao, Ziwei
  • Zhang, Qi
  • Wang, Dafang
  • Luo, Yulin
  • Wang, Tianze
  • Li, Xingang

Abstract

Electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) is a powerful tool for characterizing lithium-ion batteries. However, substantial discrepancies between the impedance characteristics under steady-state and dynamic (non-steady-state) conditions limit the direct applicability of EIS-based methods in real-world battery management. In this study, a configurable DEIS testing platform is developed to investigate the excitation design, impedance computation, and the influence of various operational factors. The results reveal that battery impedance under dynamic conditions systematically varies with state of charge (SOC), C-rate, temperature, and load. These variations can be quantitatively captured using parametric fitting or equivalent transformation methods, enabling robust analysis and comparison of DEIS data. This work highlights the potential of DEIS as a direct, in-situ diagnostic approach for evaluating overall battery state and offers new insights into internal electrochemical dynamics, supporting both laboratory research and practical battery management in electric vehicles.

Suggested Citation

  • Hao, Ziwei & Zhang, Qi & Wang, Dafang & Luo, Yulin & Wang, Tianze & Li, Xingang, 2026. "Exploration of non-steady-state impedance behavior for lithium-ion batteries using distribution of relaxation time," Applied Energy, Elsevier, vol. 415(C).
    • Handle: RePEc:eee:appene:v:415:y:2026:i:c:s0306261926005209
    DOI: 10.1016/j.apenergy.2026.127868
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