Improved equilibrium scheduling method for power-transportation systems facilitating recurring travel of mixed fleet of electric and hydrogen vehicles

As the penetration of zero-emission vehicles (ZEVs)including electric vehicles, hydrogen fuel cell vehicles, et al.—continues to accelerate, the coupling between the power distribution network (PDN) and the urban traffic network (UTN) is becoming increasingly significant. This growing interdependence underscores the urgent need for a coordinated power-ZEV dispatching approach that can accurately capture the interaction characteristics between the two networks, enabling more economical and low-carbon operational decision-making. In response, this paper proposes an improved equilibrium scheduling method for coupled PDN-UTN (PTN) systems under hydrogen integration, where an improved user equilibrium (IUE) model is develops for traffic assignment optimization within UTN. Building upon the traditional travel cost-oriented traffic assignment model, the IUE model innovatively and comprehensively incorporates the influence of charging/hydrogenation prices and queuing times on users' travel decisions. Furthermore, a recurring travel demand scheme considering the mixed-fleet vehicles that involves both conventional fuel vehicles and ZEVs is proposed to better represent the commuting dynamics in urban areas. The coordination model is reformulated into a two-layer coupled network coordination model, and a fixed-point iteration method is employed for solution. Numerical simulations on two real-world cases from China demonstrate the model's effectiveness.