Multi-agent-based dual-Stackelberg game model and improved benefit allocation strategy for virtual power plant cluster joining in energy and frequency regulation markets

By aggregating and coordinating diverse types of distributed energy resources (DERs), multi-virtual power plants (VPPs) achieve resource complementarity and participate in the market as a coordinated cluster, thereby enhancing grid regulation capabilities and supporting secure power system operation. To strengthen the engagement of multi-VPPs in external market interactions, this paper proposes a joint energy-frequency regulation market participation mode for VPP clusters. Secondly, a multi-agent based dual-Stackelberg game decision-making model is developed that coordinates external market bidding with internal incentive-based pricing. Thirdly, a benefit allocation strategy based on GNB model is designed, considering energy and contribution dimensions. Finally, a case study is conducted using a VPP cluster composed of actual VPPs in different regions of Shanxi Province, China. The results show that: (1) Based on the proposed trading mode, the total response electricity of the cluster increases by 5.3% and the overall revenue of multi-VPPs increases by 6.5%. (2) The proposed pricing and bidding model achieves coordination among multiple stakeholders, such as VPPs and cluster operator, and maximizes the benefits for both the cluster operator and individual VPPs. (3) The use of the improved benefit allocation strategy improves the utilization efficiency of DERs and satisfaction regarding benefit distribution, enhancing the energy interaction among VPPs. Overall, the proposed model and benefit allocation strategy for VPP cluster can enhance the market competitiveness of VPPs and facilitate the transformation of the new power system structure.