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Characterizing uncertainties in residential electrification: Financial feasibility, climate impacts, and health outcomes

Author

Listed:
  • Joseph, Jordan M.
  • Nock, Destenie
  • Vaishnav, Parth
  • Samaras, Constantine

Abstract

Low-to-moderate-income (LMI) families in the United States face disproportionately high energy costs due to inefficient housing and systemic underinvestment. Residential end-use electrification can deliver benefits to households and the broader public, depending on fuel type, technology, valuation methods, and other factors. This study extends prior residential electrification feasibility analyses by evaluating how Inflation Reduction Act (IRA) rebates and the monetization of climate and health co-benefits jointly affect the cost-effectiveness and adoption potential of residential energy efficiency and electrification retrofits. We define adoption potential as the share of households achieving a positive net present value (NPV) from retrofits, categorized into tiers: Tier 1 (households can recover total capital costs), Tier 2 (households can recover incremental upgrade costs relative to replacing existing equipment), and Tier 3 (additional subsidies justified by public benefits help households reach Tier 2).

Suggested Citation

  • Joseph, Jordan M. & Nock, Destenie & Vaishnav, Parth & Samaras, Constantine, 2026. "Characterizing uncertainties in residential electrification: Financial feasibility, climate impacts, and health outcomes," Applied Energy, Elsevier, vol. 411(C).
    • Handle: RePEc:eee:appene:v:411:y:2026:i:c:s0306261926002886
    DOI: 10.1016/j.apenergy.2026.127636
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