Resilient preventive strategies for offshore wind-integrated power systems against typhoons under decision-dependent uncertainty

The increasing frequency of typhoon events due to climate change has raised concerns about their impact on power systems, especially those incorporating offshore wind generation. Although typhoons can boost wind power output, they also introduce significant risks to the security and reliability of power system operations. While many studies have focused on improving system resilience through transmission line planning and restoration strategies, particularly for offshore wind integration, there have been limited real-time operations that integrate anti-typhoon strategies tailored to specific typhoon scenarios. The unpredictable nature of typhoon impacts on wind generation and system components makes it difficult to anticipate all possible degraded system states and their probabilities. To address this research gap, we identify two primary sources of uncertainty—long-term and short-term—arising from varying typhoon paths and component outages. These uncertainties are managed through stochastic optimization (SO) and robust optimization (RO). Our approach incorporates both line hardening and wind farm anti-typhoon strategies, which jointly determine the component failure rates and the resulting uncertain operating states during typhoons; this dependence constitutes a decision-dependent uncertainty (DDU). We model the resulting resilient preventive and real-time operation problem using a defender-attacker-defender framework; however, the DDU characteristic makes it intractable. Consequently, we redesign the conventional column-and-constraint generation (CCG) framework: the subproblem identifies worst-case scenarios and merges them into a single scenario, transforming the original DDU on operating states into a decision-independent uncertainty (DIU) on typhoon attacks. Finally, the master subproblem solves the DIU model with a single modified scenario effectively. Numerical experiments confirm the effectiveness of the proposed preventive strategies in reducing load shedding and minimizing damages to transmission lines and wind farms under a range of typhoon conditions.