Dynamic performance and control of Carnot battery-based combined cooling, heating and power systems with cascaded latent thermal energy stores

Carnot batteries (CBs) can be extended into combined cooling, heating and power (CCHP) systems thanks to their conversion characteristics. Given the significant time-varying nature of load demands, achieving flexible responsiveness is critical for practical applications. In this study, a dynamic simulation model is developed for a CB-based CCHP system incorporating cascaded latent hot and cold stores, and a temperature-matching control strategy is proposed to deliver electricity and multi-grade heating and cooling with improved flexibility. By comparing different control solutions, the transient power generation performance and dynamic characteristics of the CCHP mode are analysed. The adaptability of the control strategy under variable operating conditions is further assessed, including coupling effects between power outputs and load-induced fluctuations. The results show that the control strategy achieves the intended performance, with a trigeneration energy efficiency of 95% and an exergy efficiency of 55% in CCHP mode. Under variable operating conditions, the electrical, heating and cooling outputs can effectively track load variations, with settling times below 200 s. The system exhibits robust synergistic anti-disturbance capability: disturbances in any single power output (electrical, heating or cooling) do not induce significant effects in the others, with fluctuation amplitude ratios among the three outputs below 0.05. This work provides operational guidance for the developing control strategies and for implementing CB-based CCHP systems.