Application of transparent and semi-transparent photovoltaics in building windows: a review

This review paper investigates transparent and semi-transparent photovoltaics in building windows, such as the lightweight and flexible amorphous silicon solar cells, enabling easy integration into window designs. Next, we analyze PSCs, which have caught the attention of researchers for their impressive efficiency improvements and customizable optical features. Furthermore, we explore organic and polymeric solar cells, which provide benefits like lower production expenses and a wide range of visual options. These cells can be tailored to achieve different levels of transparency, making them appropriate for a range of architectural styles. We also investigate luminescent solar concentrators, which make use of specific luminescent materials to catch sunlight and guide it toward the edges of solar cells, improving energy collection while maintaining clear views. Dye-sensitized solar cells are known for their straightforward manufacturing processes and performance in dim conditions, while quantum dot solar cells are recognized for their ability to achieve high efficiencies using tailored light absorption strategies. Finally, we concentrate on cadmium telluride semi-transparent solar cells, emphasizing their affordability and proven track record in thin-film technology. Herein, we attempt to provide an in-depth evaluation with regards to the current state of semi-transparent photovoltaic technologies, and focus on their structure and performance. Furthermore, we discuss the challenges and benefits of the integration of these technologies into building designs. Semi-transparent photovoltaic windows show increasing promise as a sustainable solution to the growing global energy demand.