A new model of energy management for maximum social welfare and minimum carbon dioxide emissions considering parking sharing

In smart energy communities (ECs) with distributed energy resources (DERs) such as solar photovoltaic (PV) and electric vehicle (EV) battery storage, their prosumer members can achieve economic benefits through power scheduling. Peer-to-peer (P2P) energy exchange provides a localized and decentralized market for prosumers within an EC to participate in demand response (DR) programs and to trade energy directly among themselves. Supplying electricity to these EVs should be scheduled to minimize greenhouse gas emissions. This paper presents a comprehensive framework for a P2P energy market for power exchange and communication between ECs in the presence of solar PV, flexible loads, and EVs to maximize the economic benefits and social welfare of participants and minimize CO2 emissions from charging EVs. The proposed model incorporates a Community Energy Management Center (CEMC) that coordinates internal and external energy flows by optimizing day-ahead scheduling based on local generation forecasts, DR incentives, and upstream market prices. Building units in ECs are used to host parking for EVs from outside the community to reduce costs for users and alleviate urban traffic congestion. This strategy not only increases infrastructure utilization but also generates additional revenue for ECs. Case studies demonstrate the effectiveness of the model in reducing operational costs, improving load flexibility, and mitigating {CO}{2} emissions while ensuring high levels of energy self-supply.