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Cost-optimal hydrogen refueling scheduling for bus fleet in a grid-connected hybrid renewable energy system

Author

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  • Basnet, Sarad
  • Deschinkel, Karine
  • Le Moyne, Luis
  • Cécile Péra, Marie

Abstract

This study presents a cost-optimal sizing and energy management approach for a grid-integrated hybrid renewable energy system—comprising solar PV, wind turbines, and hydrogen production via electrolyzers with compressed storage—to meet both the electricity demand of Dijon, France, and hydrogen demand for mobility. To better plan the refueling of the hydrogen bus fleet, two case scenarios are analyzed: (i) refueling is flexibly scheduled over 24 h and (ii) refueling is optimally scheduled but restricted to 3–7 h, both for cost optimization. A Mixed-Integer Linear Programming (MILP) model is formulated and solved in the developed tool KLMS-OPT using the Pyomo modeling interface in Python with the objective of minimizing total annual cost. In the flexible scenario compared to the restricted scenario, the optimal configuration reduces the number of electrolyzers and refueling points from three to one. The hydrogen storage capacity remains below 100 kg, avoiding the need for legal authorization required in France for larger installations. This configuration yields a 0.35 % reduction in annual cost. Ultimately, the formulated problem in KLMS-OPT demonstrates strong computational efficiency, solving all scenarios in less than 20 min.

Suggested Citation

  • Basnet, Sarad & Deschinkel, Karine & Le Moyne, Luis & Cécile Péra, Marie, 2026. "Cost-optimal hydrogen refueling scheduling for bus fleet in a grid-connected hybrid renewable energy system," Applied Energy, Elsevier, vol. 404(C).
    • Handle: RePEc:eee:appene:v:404:y:2026:i:c:s0306261925018586
    DOI: 10.1016/j.apenergy.2025.127128
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