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Real-time implementation of multi-stage constant current charging with intelligent power management for solar integrated electric vehicle chargers

Author

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  • Khan, Farha
  • Bansal, Hari Om
  • Singh, Dheerendra

Abstract

Conventional electric vehicle (EV) charging methods such as constant current–constant voltage (CC–CV) suffer from prolonged charging time and poor adaptability to solar systems. Moreover, existing solar-powered EV chargers do not integrate multi-stage constant current (MSCC) charging with intelligent power management. This paper presents an intelligent solar-powered EV charging employing a MSCC strategy. In this work, five-stage charging (5-MSCC) is used by varying the charging current based on battery’s state-of-charge (SOC) which overall improves battery health. To meet this dynamic current requirement, a hybrid adaptive Artificial-Bee-Colony Reinforcement-Learning (ABC-RL) controller is designed which regulates the duty cycle of interleaved boost converter (IBC), aligning solar output to demanded battery power in real-time. The controller begins with an intelligent rule-based RL framework that adjusts the IBC duty cycle using power mismatch. To overcome its sensitivity limitations, hybrid ABC-RL algorithm is developed that combines global optimization using honey-bee intelligence with local adaptive tuning through RL-based gain scaling, enabling precise power control across the 5-MSCC charging phases. Here, five charging profiles are designed and examined, and the best-performing profile is selected based on charging time, energy loss, and threshold voltage performance. The system incorporates a dual-phase shift (DPS) controlled dual active bridge (DAB) converter to further reduce current ripples and THD (from 11.78 % to 4.54 %) compared to single-phase shift (SPS) method. MATLAB/Simulink validation through Controller-Hardware-in-the-Loop (CHIL) using OPAL-RT and controller (TI-F28379D) confirm 91–96.7 % efficiency, and stable charging across all stages, proving the effectiveness of the ABC-RL-controlled MSCC strategy for real-time solar-driven EV charging.

Suggested Citation

  • Khan, Farha & Bansal, Hari Om & Singh, Dheerendra, 2026. "Real-time implementation of multi-stage constant current charging with intelligent power management for solar integrated electric vehicle chargers," Applied Energy, Elsevier, vol. 403(PB).
    • Handle: RePEc:eee:appene:v:403:y:2026:i:pb:s0306261925018185
    DOI: 10.1016/j.apenergy.2025.127088
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    References listed on IDEAS

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    1. Oluwapelumi John Oluwalana & Katarzyna Grzesik, 2025. "Solar-Powered Electric Vehicles: Comprehensive Review of Technology Advancements, Challenges, and Future Prospects," Energies, MDPI, vol. 18(14), pages 1-33, July.
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