Coordinated robust configuration of soft open point and energy storage systems for resilience enhancement of integrated multi-energy system at ports

Extreme weather events pose critical threats to the stability and resilience of port power systems, potentially leading to critical load interruptions and large-scale failures. To address these challenges, this paper proposes a coordinated configuration framework for soft open point (SOP) and energy storage system (ESS) in port integrated multi-energy systems (PIMES). The framework achieves joint optimization of equipment capacity configuration and operational strategies through a two-stage robust optimization model that handles the uncertainties in wind and solar power generation. The proposed approach allows balancing economic efficiency with grid resilience. In the first stage, the framework determines the capacities of SOP and ESS to improve grid flexibility and energy reserve capacity, thereby establishing a pre-disaster defense strategy. In the second stage, loads in the port area are classified according to their importance. Based on this classification, a hierarchical resilience-oriented load prioritization mechanism is implemented to optimize post-event SOP reconfiguration strategies and ESS dynamic charge/discharge schedules, ensuring uninterrupted power supply to critical loads through an efficient post-disaster response protocol. The proposed framework is applied to the actual PIMES system of Ningbo Zhoushan Port. Results demonstrate that the proposed framework can guarantee uninterrupted operation of the port's critical loads, achieving a 100 % recovery rate for level 1 loads. Compared to standalone ESS or SOP configurations, the co-configuration framework reduces load shedding costs by 45.76 % and 83.51 %, respectively. This study provides a theoretical framework and practical methodologies for enhancing port energy system resilience, offering actionable insights for disaster-adaptive planning of critical port infrastructure.