Multiscale modeling and optimization of proton exchange membrane electrolysis cells: a review

Proton exchange membrane electrolysis cells (PEMECs) offer several advantages, including high energy efficiency, high hydrogen purity, rapid startup/shutdown capability, and ease of maintenance, making them well-suited for addressing the uncertainties introduced by renewable energy integration into the grid. Numerical modeling is an effective method to understand the steady-state characteristics and dynamic evolution process of PEMEC, which is conducive to further promoting its application. Currently, substantial progress has been made in the numerical modeling of PEMECs across various scales, particularly in areas such as computational material analysis, flow channel design, operating point optimization, system integration, and control strategy. However, most studies have been limited to specific scales, with insufficient coupling between multiple scales, which restricts the ability to provide comprehensive insights. Additionally, long-term investigations into performance evolution and degradation mechanisms are sparse, despite their critical role in informing control strategies. Herein, the review examines the state-of-the-art modeling methods and optimization challenges of PEMECs from a multiscale perspective, identifies existing limitations, and provides guidance for advancing their development and application.