Low-carbon traffic resilience-enhanced robust planning of coupled transportation and power distribution network based on modified user equilibrium model

As the global climate change problem becomes increasingly serious, carbon reduction has become the focus of attention of all countries. Electric vehicles (EVs), as a low-carbon alternative to traditional gas vehicles (GVs), have developed rapidly in recent years, promoting the coupling between the transportation network (TN) and the power distribution network (PDN). However, this deepening will amplify the impact of road disasters on the coupled system and cause more serious economic losses. Therefore, this paper introduces a comprehensive multi-stage tri-level robust planning of coupled transportation and power distribution network (CTPDN) to systemically enhance traffic resilience and reduce carbon emissions, aiming to minimize investment, traffic, carbon emission and power network costs under uncertain road damage conditions and other uncertainties. Firstly, a modified mixed user equilibrium model is proposed to characterize the behavior of EVs and GVs, which incorporates a unique EV path filtering mechanism and traffic resilience-enhancement characteristics. Then, a carbon-oriented optimal traffic-power flow (OTPF) model is developed to characterize the operation of CTPDN, which takes the carbon emission flow (CEF) into consideration, thereby achieving low-carbon objectives and highlighting the environmental benefits of EVs. An effective solution algorithm, BD-C&CG, is designed to solve this tri-level robust CTPDN planning problem. The proposed planning model is demonstrated using a coupled 33-node PDN and firstly a 12-node TN and then a 47-node TN. Numerical results validate its effectiveness. Furthermore, the advantages of the proposed modified mixed UE model are also verified, reducing 5.89 % travel failure rate. Sensitivity analyses show the effectiveness of the proposed BD-C&CG algorithm and the impact of carbon pricing.