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Nudges, Transparenz und Autonomie: eine normativ gehaltvolle Kategorisierung von Maßnahmen des Nudgings

Author

Listed:
  • Ludger Heidbrink
  • Andrea Klonschinski

Abstract

The debate on the legitimacy of nudging is hampered by the absence of a clear definition of what a nudge is. Given that the attempt to limit the term “nudge” to interventions exploiting cognitive biases has not been accepted in the literature and since the respective interventions lack legitimacy, a more fine-grained conceptualization of nudges seems warranted. The paper offers a categorization of nudges on the basis of their transparency on and the question of whether the intervention aims at the automatic system only or tackles the reflexive system as well. We argue that nudges are legitimate when they allow for autonomous choice and aim at a decision problem which is actually identified as such by the individual herself. This is the case when (i) nudges are transparent, tackle the reflective system, and help the individual dealing with issues of attention and obliviousness (for example warnings), (ii) have an educative function, and (iii) when they respond to issues of self-control, which the individual regards as not fitting into her long-term preferences and her overarching scheme of life. Die Debatte um Nudging wird durch die große Bandbreite dessen, was als „Nudge“ betrachtet wird, erschwert. Die Einschränkung des Begriffs auf Maßnahmen, die Rationalitätsdefizite des Individuums ausnutzen, hat sich in der Debatte nicht durchgesetzt. Da die so definierten Nudges zudem als ethisch problematisch zu beurteilen sind, ist eine differenzierte Betrachtung des Phänomens angezeigt. In dem Beitrag werden Nudges anhand ihrer Transparenz einerseits sowie der Frage, ob sie nur auf das automatische oder auch auf das reflexive Denksystem wirken andererseits, kategorisiert. Argumentiert wird in diesem Beitrag, dass Nudges unproblematisch sind, wenn sie eigenverantwortliches Handeln zulassen und auf ein vom Individuum selbst als solches identifiziertes Entscheidungsproblem reagieren. Dies ist der Fall, wenn Nudges (i) transparent auf das reflexive System als Mittel gegen Unachtsamkeit oder Vergesslichkeit wirken (zum Beispiel Warnhinweise), (ii) eine edukative Funktion haben (zum Beispiel Art der Angabe von Wahrscheinlichkeiten) oder (iii) auf Probleme mangelnder Selbstkontrolle reagieren, die vom Individuum als nicht in seine übergeordnete Präferenzstruktur passend bewertet werden(zum Beispiel Gesundheitsvorsorge).

Suggested Citation

  • Ludger Heidbrink & Andrea Klonschinski, 2018. "Nudges, Transparenz und Autonomie: eine normativ gehaltvolle Kategorisierung von Maßnahmen des Nudgings," Vierteljahrshefte zur Wirtschaftsforschung / Quarterly Journal of Economic Research, DIW Berlin, German Institute for Economic Research, vol. 87(1), pages 15-27.
  • Handle: RePEc:diw:diwvjh:87-1-2
    DOI: 10.3790/vjh.87.1.15
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    More about this item

    Keywords

    Libertarian paternalism; nudge; two systems approach; autonomy; self-control;
    All these keywords.

    JEL classification:

    • D11 - Microeconomics - - Household Behavior - - - Consumer Economics: Theory
    • E21 - Macroeconomics and Monetary Economics - - Consumption, Saving, Production, Employment, and Investment - - - Consumption; Saving; Wealth
    • I31 - Health, Education, and Welfare - - Welfare, Well-Being, and Poverty - - - General Welfare, Well-Being
    • Y80 - Miscellaneous Categories - - Related Disciplines - - - Related Disciplines
    • Z18 - Other Special Topics - - Cultural Economics - - - Public Policy

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